PLANTS: from taproots.

STEMS: extremely short, disc-like, simple or branched.

LEAVES: simple, entire or variously toothed.

INFLORESCENCE: scapose, long or short spikes, loose to dense.

FLOWERS: several to many, inconspicuous, each subtended by a bract; sepals free (2 fused in P. lanceolata), usually with overlapping scarious margins; corolla whitish, scarious or membranous, persistent, the lobes with a thickened or colored basal spot; stamens 2-4, exserted; style exserted.

FRUIT: included in the sepals or exserted, often purplish-brown.

SEEDS: mucilaginous when wet, concave, the outer surface often patterned: Plantago afra and P. ovata are used as laxatives.

NOTES: ca. 255 spp., cosmopolitan. (Latin: planta = flat and spread out + ago = kind of).

REFERENCES: Huisinga, Kristin D. and Tina J. Ayers. 1999. Plantaginaceae. Ariz. - Nev. Acad. Sci. 32(1).

Fls sessile or subsessile in the axils of bracts, aggregated into spikes or heads; sep 4, the 2 next the bract often slightly different from the 2 next the axis (sometimes ±connate); cor long-persistent, its tube investing the summit of the fr; capsule circumscissile at or below the middle; ours annual or perennial herbs, most spp. acaulescent. 200+, cosmop.

Gleason, Henry A. & Cronquist, Arthur J. 1991. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. lxxv + 910 pp.

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