Perennials (sometimes short-lived), 30-100 cm, colonial or cespitose; long-rhizomatous or with short, branched caudices. Stems 1-3+, ascending to erect (straight, slender, reddish), sparsely to densely pilosulous to hirtellous, proximally glabrescent. Leaves thin, margins strigoso-ciliate to scabrous, apices mucronulate, abaxial faces glabrate to sparsely pilose and midveins ± pilose to glabrate, adaxial glabrous or glabrate to pilosulous or hirsutulous; basal withering by flowering, subpetiolate, blades oblanceolate to narrowly oblanceolate or spatulate, 10-40 × 3-7 mm, bases cuneate, sheathing, margins sparsely serrate apically, apices obtuse, mucronate, faces sparsely pilose; proximal cauline usually withering by flowering, sessile or subsessile (often with axillary clusters of small leaves), blades oblanceolate to lanceolate, 40-80 × 2-5 mm, bases cuneate, margins entire or serrulate apically; distal sessile, blades linear to subulate, 4-100 × 1-6 mm, reduced distally, bases cuneate, margins entire to weakly serrulate, faces glabrate or glabrous. Heads in narrow or wide, pyramidal, paniculiform arrays, branches ascending or arching, secondary branches (10 cm or less) secund and erect, densely leafy, heads crowded, sparsely to moderately pilose. Peduncles 3-20(-40) mm, glabrate or glabrous, bracts 3-6+, appressed or ascending, linear to subulate, 2-4 mm, scabrous, aristate, glabrous, grading into phyllaries. Involucres cylindric to cylindro-campanulate, (2.7-)3.1-4.1(-4.9) × ± 3 mm. Phyllaries in 3-5 series, appressed, subulate (outermost) to oblong-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate (inner) or linear (innermost), unequal, bases indurate ¹ / 2 - ³ / 4 , margins scarious, erose, hyaline, sparsely ciliolate or not, green zones lanceolate, apices slightly spreading, often purplish, often involute, acute to acuminate or cuspidate, sometimes aristate, faces usually glabrous, sometimes glabrate. Ray florets (9-)11-17(-23); corollas usually white, seldom pink, laminae (3.7-)5-5.5(-7.3) × 0.6-1.3 mm. Disc florets 5-16(-28); corollas pale yellow becoming purplish, (2.3-)2.5-3.3(-3.7) mm, tubes shorter than narrowly funnelform throats, lobes lanceolate, 0.4-0.8 (ratio 0.25) mm. Cypselae whitish or gray, obovoid, compressed, 0.8-1.5 × 0.4-0.6 mm, 3-4-nerved, faces sparsely to moderately strigillose; pappi white, 3-4 mm. 2n = 16, 32, 48.

Flowering Aug-Oct. Open, dry, sandy, or loamy soils, open woods, barrens, prairies, fields, roadsides, old cemeteries; 200-400 m; Ark., Ill., Iowa, Kans., Mo., Okla.

Plants with a short simple caudex, the stems rather slender, 3-8 dm, ±spreading-hirsute to occasionally glabrous; lvs glabrous, or ±hairy like the stem, entire or slightly toothed, the basal and lower cauline soon deciduous, or the basal persistent, oblanceolate, and petiolate, those above persistent, sessile or occasionally narrowed to a petiole-like base, linear or nearly so, to 10 cm נ6 mm, the upper and rameal ones numerous and much reduced; heads many in an often dense infl, on short or elongate, often copiously subulate-bracteate peduncles, narrow, the glabrous invol cylindric in life, rather narrowly obconic when pressed, 4 mm, its green- tipped, evidently imbricate bracts (or some of them) with subulate, marginally inrolled tip; heads 18-32- fld, the rays 12-18, white, 2-5 mm, 4-10 more than the disk-fls; 2n=16, 32. Open woods, fields, and pastures; Io., Ill., Mo., and e. Kans.

Gleason, Henry A. & Cronquist, Arthur J. 1991. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. lxxv + 910 pp.

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