Plants unbranched or 1-12(-76)-branched, forming large mounds of branches to 300. Stems usually erect or nearly so, cylindric (spheric), (2-)5-70 × (3-)5-13 cm; ribs 5-8 or 8-12, crests slightly undulate (localized populations contain plants with strongly interrupted ribs); areoles 10-40 mm apart. Spines (0-)3-11 per areole, straight to curved or contorted, appressed (radial spines) or spreading to projecting outward (some radials and central spines when present), white to yellow, gray, or black; radial spines (0-)1-10 per areole, (0-)15-90 mm; central spines 0-1(-4) per areole, angular, (0-)50-120 mm. Flowers (4-)5-10 × 3-7 cm; flower tube 20-35 mm; flower tube hairs 1-2 mm; inner tepals bright orange-red to dark red, proximally paler (bases sometimes yellow or white), (18-)25-40 × (5-)10-15 mm, tips thick and rigid; anthers usually pink to purple; nectar chamber 5-11 mm. Fruits green to yellow-green or pink (rarely red), (15-)20-35 mm, pulp white. 2n = 22.

Flowering Apr-Jun; fruiting 2-2.5 months after flowering. Upper edge of Mojave Desert to coniferous forests, igneous and calcareous rock outcrops, cliffs, and sandy hills; 1000-2800 m; Ariz., Calif., Colo., Nev., N.Mex., Utah.

Echinocereus triglochidiatus is the earliest name for a large group of diploid and polyploid taxa treated as conspecific by L. D. Benson (1969, 1982). The tetraploids are now recognized separately as E. coccineus, including E. polyacanthus Engelmann of Mexico. The diploids in the flora area are here divided into two allopatric species: E. triglochidiatus and E. arizonicus.

Plants in the western portion of the range of Echinocereus triglochidiatus have been called E. triglochidiatus var. mojavensis (Engelmann & J. M. Bigelow) L. D. Benson. That taxon includes curly-spined plants (mainly in California) and straight-spined plants (including most populations in Arizona, Utah, and western Colorado). The latter were mapped by L. D. Benson (1969, 1982) as part of his concept of E. triglochidiatus var. melanacanthus. Plants with the fewest and largest spines, called E. triglochidiatus var. triglochidiatus, occupy the eastern portion of the species´ distribution. The largest spines, whether central or radial, of var. triglochidiatus are sharply angular in cross section and 1-2 mm thick.

Less distinctive plants have been called Echinocereus triglochidiatus var. gonacanthus, a name carelessly applied to miscellaneous plants throughout the range of var. triglochidiatus. A well-known population at White Sands, New Mexico, inhabits saline flats adjacent to pure gypsum dunes. The unusually large, southernmost plants at White Sands, New Mexico, shrink to the same size as northern plants when grown together in a common garden (D. Weniger 1970). The epithet inermis has been applied at various taxonomic ranks to individual plants with spines absent or nearly so in the eastern portion of var. mojavensis (in and around southeastern Utah).

A geographically distant tetraploid, Echinocereus coccineus var. paucispinus, superficially resembles some eastern E. triglochidiatus but may be distinguished by its relatively terete and more consistently straight spines. Small plants of var. triglochidiatus without reproductive structures might be confused with E. fendleri; records of E. triglochidatus from near the Mexican border probably are misidentifications of E. fendleri in vegetative condition.

Common Name: kingcup cactus

Duration: Perennial

Protected Status: No status in Arizona.

General: Unbranched or 1-12 branched mounds of branches that are often dense and rarely to 300 stems, the stems usually erect or nearly so and cylindric to spheric, 5-70 cm long and 5-13 cm diameter with 5-12 ribs that have slightly undulate crests bearing areoles 10-40 mm apart.

Spines: Spines 3-11 per areole that are straight to curved or contorted with radial spines appressed or spreading to projecting outward, these white to yellow, gray, or black, the radial spines 1-10 per areole and 15-90 mm, while the central spines are only 0-1 per areole and angular while 50-120 mm long.

Flowers: Whole flower 5-10 cm long with the flower tube 20-35 mm, the inner tepals bright orange red to dark red but paler below, these 25-40 mm long and 10-15 mm diameter with tips thick and rigid, the anthers usually pink to purple and areoles with spines and white hairs.

Fruits: Green to yellow green, pink or red, 20-35 mm, with a deciduous mass of spines.

Ecology: Found on igneous to calcareous rock outcrops, along cliffs and on sandy slopes from 3,500-9,000 ft (1067- 2743 m), flowers April-June.

Notes: This is the earliest name for a complex of diploid and polyploid taxa according to FNA. Since the 1980s, these taxa have been separated into tetraploid and polyploid divisions. There are still a few varieties, but all of those are not totally accepted by USDA Plants DB or ITIS, so this is still a complex in process.

Ethnobotany: Water was extracted in emergencies, the pulp was made into cakes and candy, the fruit was eaten fresh, as jam, the pulp was baked and eaten like squash,and the dried pulp was used for candles.

Etymology: Echinocereus is from the Greek echinos, hedgehog or spine and cereus, waxy, while triglochidiatus means with three glochids.

Synonyms: Echinocereus triglochidiatus var. gonacanthus, Echinocereus triglochidiatus var. inermis, Echinocereus triglochidiatus var. mojavensis

Editor: SBuckley, 2010