Perennials or subshrubs, 40-150 cm. Stems (simple or branched) glabrous or with scabrous lines, not glaucous. Leaves usually ascending; blades (1-)3- or -5-nerved, linear to lanceolate, 40-100(-120) × 1.4-4(-8) mm, lengths 12-49 time widths, gradually reduced distally, firm-herbaceous, margins scabrous, apices acuminate, faces abundantly and prominently gland-dotted (29-49 dots per mm²), glabrous or midveins with hairs. Heads (some or all) pedunculate (rarely all glomerate), usually in flat-topped to slightly rounded, arrays (25-)35-60% of plant heights. Involucres obconic, (4-)4.5-6.2 mm. Phyllaries usually green-tipped, outer ovate, inner linear-oblong, apices obtuse to acute (± strongly resinous). Ray florets 9-13(-16). Disc florets 3-9; corollas (3-)3.3-4.8 mm. 2n = 36, 54.

Flowering Aug-Sep. Open, dry to moist, sandy areas; 0-200 m; Ont.; Ark., Colo., Del., Fla., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., La., Minn., Mo., Nebr., N.C., Okla., S.C., S.Dak., Tex., Va., Wis.

Some plants from the southern Great Lakes area with tendencies to shorter involucres and narrower leaves, called Euthamia gymnospermoides by H. A. Gleason and A. Cronquist (1991) and D. J. Sieren (1981), are better included in E. caroliniana.

This species prefers the moist soil of prairie habitats and is found also about lakes and in the southern part of the state in flat woods in a slightly acid soil.

Glabrous except for the slightly scabrous lf-margins, 4-10 dm; lvs densely and strongly glandular punctate, obscurely to sometimes evidently 3-nerved, without any additional lateral nerves, linear, 4-10 cm נ1.5-4(-6) mm; heads sessile in small glomerules or somewhat pedunculate, mostly 14-20-fld, the short rays 10-14, the disk-fls 4-6; invol (4.5-)5-6.5 mm, narrow, ±strongly glutinous, its bracts obtuse or the inner acute; 2n=36. Open, often sandy, moist to rather dry places; s. Minn. and w. Ill. to Mo., Colo., and Tex. (Solidago g.)

Gleason, Henry A. & Cronquist, Arthur J. 1991. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. lxxv + 910 pp.

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